Conditions suitable for life -- most notably the presence of water -- may once have existed all over Mars, the European Space Agency (ESA) has said.Hydrated silicate minerals were found by the ESA's Mars Express and NASA's Mars Reconnaissance orbiters in northern lowlands of the Red Planet, a clear indication that water once flowed there, ESA said in a statement Friday ahead of the publication of a study in journal Science.
Water was present on the surface of Mars four billion years ago but lasted for only a few hundred million years, according to principal investigator Jean-Pierre Bibring from the University of Paris.
"It shows that there was water, but not in the form of a large ocean", Bibring said, adding that the Martian crust was hydrated in the same manner in the north and south.
The conclusions contradict those of an American team, who in a study published June 13 in Nature Geoscience journal said a vast ocean covered a third of the surface 3.5 billion years ago.
"Mars had already lost its atmosphere 3.5 billion years ago, water was no longer stable in the liquid state on the surface," said Bibring.
"Huge streams were able to flow, but the lack of surface water meant permanent oceans could not be fed," he said.
"If the pressure and the temperature would not permit water to exist in a stable liquid state, some would evaporate and leave the planet, while water could also enter the soil," he said.
"It could remain on the surface for days or weeks, but not millions of years," he said.
The hydrated silicate minerals were found in sizeable impact craters in the northern plains which punched down several kilometers, exposing ancient crustal material.
The ESA had previously discovered similar minerals in the southern highlands
Dunia internasional memandang serius terhadap keberadaan Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (Lapan), buktinya berbagai tawaran kerja sama di bidang kedirgantaraan baik dari negara maju dan berkembang berdatangan tahun ini.
Film fiksi ilmiah '2012' yang menceritakan tentang terjadinya badai matahari (flare) bukan isapan jempol belaka. Flare diperkirakan akan terjadi antara tahun 2012-2015. Namun, tak serta merta hal itu melenyapkan peradaban dunia.
PAD was tested in November 2006, followed by AAD in December 2007. With the test of the PAD missile, India became the fourth country to have successfully developed an Anti-ballistic missile system, after United States, Russia and Israel.[5] On March 6, 2009, India again successfully tested its missile defense shield, during which an incoming "enemy" missile was intercepted at an altitude of 75 km.
An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (a missile for missile defense). A ballistic missile is used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory. The term "anti-ballistic missile" describes any antimissile system designed to counter ballistic missiles. However the term is used more commonly for ABM systems designed to counter long range, nuclear-armed intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
If you acquire Kototabang-BLR data, we ask that you acknowledge us in your use of the data. This may be done by including text such as Kototabang-BLR data provided by Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere of Kyoto University. We would also appreciate receiving a copy of the relevant publications. Thank you! 
Perilaku iklim dapat dimonitor dengan adanya Stasiun Pengamat Dirgantara Kototabang mempunyai tugas melaksanakan pengamatan, pengolahan, perekaman/perekam dan pelaporan data. Meteorologi parameter klimatologi atmosfer tonosfer, geomagnet dan pemeliharaan alat agar dapat beroperasi sebaik mungkin.